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AIM:- Create a MATLAB model of an electric car that uses a battery and a DC motor. Choose suitable blocks from the Powertrain block set. Prepare a report about your model including the following: Objectives: System-level configurations Model parameters Results Conclusion INTRODUCTION: A new study related to Vehicle/Automobile…
Monish Sivanesan
updated on 06 Jan 2023
AIM:-
Create a MATLAB model of an electric car that uses a battery and a DC motor. Choose suitable blocks from the Powertrain block set. Prepare a report about your model including the following:
Objectives:
INTRODUCTION:
A new study related to Vehicle/Automobile engineering says that by coming 2025, there will be a major transformation in the automobile sector. Many automakers are working to change the vehicle technologies, the major area is to decrease the pollution and use electrification in the upcoming vehicles. The researchers and automakers are continuously working to reduce CO2 emissions.
New technology like high capacity lithium type battery will be a major energy source for the propulsion of electric vehicles.
At present, with the new technologies, some manufacturer has launched its products which are Tesla, Chevy Bolt EV and Nissan leaf which are fully electric battery-based car.
Electric Vehicle (EV)
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.
EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Internal combustion engines were the dominant propulsion method for cars and trucks for about 100 years, but electric power remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.
Commonly, the term EV is used to refer to an electric car. In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's impact on climate change and other environmental issues. Project Drawdown describes electric vehicles as one of the 100 best contemporary solutions for addressing climate change.
component of the electrical vehicle :
Battery:-
Electrical Motor:-
Motor Controller:
The motor controller of an electric car administers its complete operation and the distribution of its power at any given moment. It acts as a floodgate between the motor and batteries.
It helps monitor and regulates all key performance indications such as the vehicle's operator, motor, battery, and accelerator pedal. It has a microprocessor that can limit or redirect current.
It is used to either improve the mechanical performance of the car or suit the operator's driving style. There are also more refined controllers which are capable of greater accuracy and thus, higher efficiency.
Important Simulink Block used in Electric Vehicle design are:
OVER_ALL_BLOCK_DIAGRAM
o Input Ports:
W=Wind Velocity in m/s
beta=Grade angle in radians
o Output Ports:
V=Velocity in m/s
NR=Normal force on Rear Axle (N)
NF=Normal Force on Front Axle (N)
Vehicle Body Parameters:
variables are modified. Pitch dynamics are kept ON with other variable values as default values.
1.1Tire:
The vehicle is assumed to be front axle is driven (4 wheels- 2 on each axle).
The wheels are modelled using simple Tire (Magic formula) Simulink blocks.
The block can model tire dynamics under constant or variable contact surface
conditions.
N=Normal force acting on the tire, positive when force is acting downwards/towards the contact surface.
S=Slip value is relative to tire and surface of contact.
H=represents wheel hub which transmits thrust generated by the wheel to the body of the vehicle.
A=represents the axle on which the tires are mounted.
1.2 Gear:
A simple gear block is used to connect the motor to the rear axle of the vehicle.
It represents the gearbox that connects the input shaft to the base gear and output from the follower gear.
Conserving Ports:
B=port associated with an input shaft (motor shaft)
F=port associated with the output shaft (axle/ differential)
Simple Gear Parameters:
Gear ratio and output direction are modified. Meshing loss is kept constant and gear is having a constant efficiency throughout the simulation.
Viscous losses and faults are kept at default conditions
1.3 Vehicle Body:-
2.1 H-Bridge:-
The H-Bridge helps in controlling the power that is input according to the requirement. The output provided is converted voltage as per the controlled parameters.
2.2 D.C Motor:-
This is the DC Motor which would give rotational power to the wheels and become the sole power generation source.
The DC Motors terminals are connected as mentioned below.
+ =Electrical signal to the motor Positive Terminal
- =Electrical signal to the motor Negative Terminal
R=Casing of the Motor connected with the Mechanical Rotational Reference Block
C=Rotor Case connected to the Mechanical Rotational reference
The parameter considered is, The Armature inductance is as default, varied the changes in the No-Load Speed 3000 rpm, the rated speed 1800 rpm, the Rated Load at 2kW, and the Rated DC Supply Voltage 29 V. All other parameters are as default.
2.3 Controlled PWM Voltage:
The Controlled PWM Voltage Block helps in keeping the Modulated Pulses as per the required pulses. So that the operations happen smooth and higher variations are not observed.
The Ports are connected as follows.
PWM=PWM connected directly to the H-Block
REF=REF connected directly to the H-Block
ref+ = Reference Positive connected with Driver Model ith the Acceleration Commands from the
ref- =Reference Negative connected with the Deceleration Commands from the Driver Model
Note: The parameters are set as default.
3 Battery and SOC System:-
3.1 Battery:-
Implements a generic battery model for most popular battery types. Temperature and ageing (due to cycling) effects can be specified for Lithium-Ion battery type.
3.2 controlled Current Source:-
a controlled current source is connected to the lithium battery. this controlled current source provided will initiate the flow of current from the battery to the motor and during regenerative braking from the motor to the battery.
3.3 Bus selector
4 Longitudinal Driver:
5 Reference Velocity (Drive Cycle):
in this selected driving cycle is FTP75
this is the plot of the FTP75 drive cycle
7 Distance in km/hr
The scope will display velocity of the vehicle in km/hr to measure the distance in km, an integrator block is used because the interaction of velocity will give us distance and 3600 constant blocks are used because 1hr=3600sec
8 Simulink Explanation:-
The system is running for simulation for 2474 s which is the total time for which the input drive cycle is defined.
A Solver Configuration is added to ensure proper solving of the mathematical equations by the model.
RESULTS:-
1)INPUT AND OUTPUT DRIVE CYCLE
The blue line is a graph of the drive cycle source and the yellow line shows the corresponding velocity graph
2) Distance Covered
the yellow line shows the distance covered by the electrical car
3) SOC calculation:
CONCLUSION:
from the above model and from the assumed parameters we found that the velocity of an electric vehicle is 5.034 km
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